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Luigi Boccherini
Luigi Rodolfo Boccherini〔(Treccani.it )〕 (February 19, 1743 – May 28, 1805) was an Italian classical era composer and cellist whose music retained a courtly and galante style while he matured somewhat apart from the major European musical centers. Boccherini is most widely known for one particular minuet from his String Quintet in E, Op. 11, No. 5 (G 275), and the Cello Concerto in B flat major (G 482). The latter work was long known in the heavily altered version by German cellist and prolific arranger Friedrich Grützmacher, but has recently been restored to its original version. Boccherini composed several guitar quintets, including the "Fandango", which was influenced by Spanish music. His biographer Elisabeth Le Guin〔Le Guin, ''Boccherini's Body: An Essay in Carnal Musicology'', 2006:3.〕 noted among Boccherini's musical qualities "an astonishing repetitiveness, an affection for extended passages with fascinating textures but virtually no melodic line, an obsession with soft dynamics, a unique ear for sonority, and an unusually rich palette of introverted and mournful affects."
==Biography==
Boccherini was born in Lucca, Italy, into a musical family.〔The standard modern full-length biography is by Jaime Tortella, ''Boccherini: un músico italiano en la España ilustrada'', 2002; there is no comparable biography in English.〕 At a young age he was sent by his father, a cellist and double bass player, to study in Rome. In 1757 they both went to Vienna, where they were employed by the court as musicians in the Burgtheater. In 1761 Boccherini went to Madrid, where he was employed by Infante Luis Antonio of Spain, younger brother of King Charles III. There he flourished under royal patronage, until one day when the King expressed his disapproval at a passage in a new trio, and ordered Boccherini to change it. The composer, no doubt irritated with this intrusion into his art, doubled the passage instead, leading to his immediate dismissal. Then he accompanied Don Luis to Arenas de San Pedro, a little town at the Gredos mountains; there and in the closest town of Candeleda, Boccherini wrote many of his most famous works.
Among his late patrons was the French consul Lucien Bonaparte, as well as King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia, himself an amateur cellist, flautist, and avid supporter of the arts. Boccherini fell on hard times following the deaths of his Spanish patron, two wives, and two daughters, and he died in Madrid in 1805, being survived by two sons. His blood line continues to this day in Spain.〔José Antonio Boccherini Sánchez and Christina Slot Wiefkers were explicitly thanked in Elisabeth Le Guin, ''Boccherini's Body: An Essay in Carnal Musicology'', 2006:xxii.〕 He was buried in the Pontifical Basilica of St. Michael until 1927, when Benito Mussolini repatriated his remains and buried them in the church of San Francesco of his native Lucca.
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